Because those individuals who live/work in the streets face multiple problems and deprivations on a daily basis and are clearly at increased vulnerability for mental illness, substance use, and continued victimization/violence (Davies-Netzley, Hurlburt, & Hough, 1996; El-Bassel et al., 2001; Farley & Barkan, 1998; Morrell-Bellai, Goering, & Boydell, 2000; Stein, Leslie, & Nyamathi, 2002), they are likely to be especially wary of researchers asking highly sensitive questions in a structured or routinized manner. 2011 Jan;61(1):e10-4. Besides mental disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and behavioral problems, consequences may include chronic somatic diseases [9] and may cause a high economic burden [8, 14]. HG reviewed and edited the manuscript. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Considering the brevity of the two subscales, the CTS total scale (α = 0.68) and the CTS abuse subscale (α = 0.73) showed acceptable internal consistencies. The CTQ has been used with female sex workers, cannabis users, people diagnosed with depression and eating disorders, and many others. The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 200 and fulfilled the ethical. Items are scored dichotomously whether or not participants experienced these adverse childhood experiences in childhood. 22.I knew that there was someone to take care of me and protect me. However, there are relative few psychometric studies available and some authors have proposed two different factor solutions. The main reasons for non-participation were that it was not possible to reach someone in the residence (after four attempts: 2013: 12.9%, 2018: 14.4%), that the person who answered the door refused to let anyone in the household participate in the study (2013: 13.6%; 2016: 16.5%), that it was not possible to contact the randomly selected household member (2013: 1.9%, 2018: after four attempts: 2.6%) and that the selected member refused to participate in the study (2013: 12.4%; 2018: 15.8%). The three remaining questions make up a Minimization/Denial (M/D) scale, which is used to help determine if respondents are underreporting their childhood trauma. Am J Preventive Med. Jud A, Rassenhofer M, Witt A, Münzer A, Fegert J. Häufigkeitsangaben zum sexuellen Missbrauch: Internationale Einordnung, Bewertung der Kenntnislage in Deutschland, Beschreibung des Entwicklungsbedarfs; 2016. The CTS consists of five items, which are: When I was growing up…, There was someone to take me to the doctor when I needed it (R) (physical neglect), People in my family hit me so hard, it left me with bruises or marks (physical abuse), I felt that somebody in my family hated me (emotional abuse). Track all changes, then work with you to bring about scholarly writing. THC Editorial Team. The validity items detect the underreporting of maltreatment. 2014;43(3):519–44. This may be particularly true when child maltreatment is not the primary outcome variable but is used as a control variable. Terms and Conditions of Use The three items comprising the Minimization/Denial scale are dichotomized (“never” = 0, all other responses = 1) and summed; a total of one (1) or greater “suggests the possible underreporting of maltreatment (false negatives)” (Bernstein & Fink, 1998, p. 18). However, this study also has some weaknesses. cultures is the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992). J Trauma Dissociation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. A recent prevalence study of child maltreatment in the German general population based on the CTQ [32] reports prevalence rates for at least moderate severity. The authors would also like to thank interviewer Sarah Farkas, outreach specialist Deborah Tucker, driver Lois Colon, FROST’D staff Joyce Wallace, Priscilla Alexander and the entire FROST’D mobile outreach staff for their assistance and cooperation on this project. Curiously, despite very widespread use of the CTQ, scores on its Minimization-Denial (MD) subscale—originally designed to assess a positive response bias—are rarely reported. 2023 Mar 30;10(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s40479-023-00215-2. Therefore, the convergent validity of the CTS can be assumed. 6.I got hit so hard by someone in my family that 7.I had to see a doctor or go to the hospital. Results for the one-factor solution showed less favorable TLI and CFI indices (0.875 and 0.938, respectively). Starting at the beginning: an introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Therefore, it can be assumed that the total score and the abuse score (emotional, physical and sexual abuse) and the neglect score (emotional and physical neglect) can be calculated and used in analyses. Front Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920. Method (1994). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The .gov means it’s official. 2011 Sep;61(9-10):389-97. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1270519. The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein & Fink, 1998) is a standardized, retrospective 28-item self-report inventory that measures the severity of different types of childhood trauma, producing five clinical subscales each comprised of five items: Emotional Abuse, Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse, Emotional Neglect, Physical Neglect. Participants were paid $25 for completing the initial baseline interview, which lasted approximately one hour. Given the relevance of child maltreatment for the development and treatment of many men-tal disorders, the objective of our study was the psychometric evaluation of the German version of the. A factorial study of the CTQ with dually-diagnosed female addicts revealed a four-factor solution that combined Emotional and Physical Abuse as latent variables (Lundgren, Gerdner, & Lundqvist, 2002). The correlation between the two factors (see Fig. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Statistics Solutions consists of a team of professional methodologists and statisticians that can assist the student or professional researcher in administering the survey instrument, collecting the data, conducting the analyses and explaining the results. Wright KD, Asmundson GJG, McCreary DR, Scher C, Kami S, Stein MB. It is a measure of potentially traumatic events and of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Sample characteristics of the total sample and the two subsamples of 2013 and 2018 are presented in Table 1. Part of Bring dissertation editing expertise to chapters 1-5 in timely manner. Mertens YL, Manthey A, Sierk A, de Jong P, Walter H, Daniels JK. In addition, since administration of the CTQ was conducted on the mobile research unit, complete privacy could not be provided and this may have affected participants’ comfort levels and disclosure of information. Morrell-Bellai T, Goering PN, Boydell KM. A retrospective self-report. Early sexual experience and prostitution. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) is a 70-item self-administered inventory developed by Bernstein et al. Buckingham ET, Daniolos P. Longitudinal outcomes for victims of child abuse. A diagnosis of CPTSD requires the endorsement of one of two symptoms from each of the three PTSD symptoms clusters (re-experiencing in the here and now, avoidance, and sense of current threat) and one of two symptoms from each of the three Disturbances in Self-Organization (DSO) clusters: (1) affective dysregulation, (2) negative self-concept, a. Approximately 5 minutes is required to complete the test. Emotional Neglect: “the failure of caretakers to meet children’s basic emotional and psychological needs, including love, belonging, nurturance, and support.”. These subscale scores were not significantly different from the published scores for adult female substance abusers (Bernstein & Fink, 1998). People can be traumatized by other people, accidents, illnesses, natural disasters, political unrest, and the like. Consult with a medical professional if you have health concerns. It is a retrospective survey, which means that teenagers or adults are asked to think back to the events of their childhood. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This questionnaire consists of 10 items assessing adverse childhood experiences, including emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, parental separation, domestic violence, substance abuse, and incarceration of a household member. Confirmatory Factor Analysis using the Mplus structural equation-modeling program (Muthén & Muthén, 1998) tested Bernstein and Fink’s (1998) five-factor model. The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Selection errors of random route samples. Silbert M, Pines A. Of note, the verbal interview format was a change in protocol from the self-report format stipulated in the CTQ manual (Bernstein & Fink, 1998). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften; 1997. Child abuse & neglect, 27(2), 169–190. In the first step, systematic area sampling was conducted based on the municipal classification of the Federal Republic of Germany (ADM F2F Sampling Frame). The measure yields a total score as well as scores on six scales derived through factor analysis: 1. Simons RL, Whitbeck LB. SRMR of 0 represents a perfect fit, SRMR < 0.05 represents a good fit, and an SRMS between 0.05 and 0.10 represents an adequate fit [18]. 151-163). 2017;58(3):222–30. Lundgren K, Gerdner A, Lundqvist LO. The results confirm the solid psychometric properties of the CTS as an easy-to-use, ultra-short retrospective measure of child maltreatment. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 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It is worth noting that such ultra-short measures do not have psychometric properties comparable to longer measures such as the CTQ. The self-report includes a 28-item test that measures 5 types of maltreatment – emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect. To assess convergent validity, inter-correlations (Kendall’s Tau, τ) between the CTS items and the respective items of ACE-D were calculated.
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